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Product details
File Size: 9615 KB
Print Length: 508 pages
Publisher: Grove Press; First Trade Paper edition (May 14, 2009)
Publication Date: April 1, 2018
Language: English
ISBN-10: 0802144160
ISBN-13: 978-0802144164
ASIN: B006NZ9XTU
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Bernstein starts his history with Sumer, about 3000 BC, citing the trade in copper used for both weapons and protection by the farmers and herders in the Fertile Crescent. He might have gone further back – anthropologists find evidence of trade in the types of stone useful in making Stone Age tools, and primatologist even find evidence of monkeys exchanging food for sex – but Sumer is a good place to start.As Adam Smith had it in "Wealth of Nations," trade is an activity in which both parties benefit. Given that England is particularly adapted to raising sheep, the Baltics to growing wheat, and Portugal to making wine, and that people in all three places want to enjoy all three products, it only makes sense that they should trade.Bernstein describes the routes, the vehicles and the products that have been traded throughout history. Overland traders have gone by foot, used every imaginable kind of pack animal, and more recently used a variety of ox- and horse-drawn conveyances, then trains and today airplanes. Maritime traders throughout history have continued to advance sailing techniques.Along the way improvements and trade have had a vast impact on world history. Ukraine, where I live, entered the history books in Greek times. Attica was unable to feed itself, and Ukraine's grain was a valuable import. Troy, which dates back more than one millennium BC, was important because it stood at the entrance to the Sea of Marmara en route to the Black Sea and Ukraine's granaries. Ukraine and Poland were major trade routes during the first millennium A.D. The high technology of the time was Viking long boats which were very efficient in traveling up the Dnieper and Dniester rivers and then down the Vistula to the Baltic Sea. Kyiv and Lviv are situated along these routes.However, the clever Italians, Spanish and Portuguese improved ocean navigation. Portuguese caravels were more efficient at long-distance trade – they involved no overland portage - and Western Europe grew faster than Eastern largely as a result of their ability to take advantage of local specializations. Italy excelled in glassmaking, Belgium was expert at making cloth, England at growing wool for that cloth.The age of discovery ushered in by the Portuguese radically remade the world. Western ships were able to bring spices from Indonesia and gold from Peru back home. Fortunes were made on world trade, and the fortunes of nations shifted. Human institutions were modified to meet the changing conditions. Joint stock companies such as the Dutch East Indies Company, the British East India Company and the Hudson's Bay Company formed to take advantage of the opportunities. The corporate structure allowed them to spread risk, which made it possible to amass the capital needed to exploit these tremendous opportunities. Insurance came into existence, with Lloyd's of London as a clearinghouse for ensuring merchant trade.There are a large number of anecdotes that will stick in your mind. The phenomena and it describes is a foundation of Western civilization, as many other authors such as Jared Diamond have found. Sociobiologists such as Cochran and Harpending, in The 10,000 Year Explosion: How Civilization Accelerated Human Evolution, contend that it has affected our very evolution. To be effective in trade requires the ability to read and write, to handle numbers, and to learn foreign languages. These skills are highly associated with intelligence – and the groups that excelled in world trade such as the Parsis of India and the Jews appear to have more intelligent over the course of history as successful traders thrived and the less capable ones fell by the wayside.This book is entertaining and well written. It should be part of any student's knowledge of world history.
“A Splendid Exchange†is a well-written, captivating, narrative history, from Sumer to the present. It focuses on exploration, trade and the origins of globalization. In narrating the history of commerce, the book progresses through the Delian League, the Silk Roads, Marco Polo, Black Death, the Boston Tea Party and GATT, among other stops along the way. At almost 400 pages, the book is just about the right length, but if anything it could have been longer. I would have enjoyed hearing more about the end of mercantilism and the origins of capitalism. The final chapter does a pretty good job of introducing the contemporary debate about globalization, but I would have liked to see more depth and analysis in this chapter, rather than just a broad introduction. Overall, it was a thoroughly enjoyable read and I highly recommend it to anyone interested in history and in trade and globalization.
"A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World" is a thorough description of the effect of commerce, trade, and exchange on the world. It also describes many of the changes and continuities of trade throughout world history. William Bernstein contributes to many themes of history, such as culture, interactions, and politics. However, his most prominent contribution is to the economic world. Bernstein relates everything in his book to trade/commerce, and the effect is a very narrow view of history. While many major or important events are covered, they are seen only through the lens of an economic viewpoint.Despite this limited viewpoint, I would recommend this book to other students or people interested in history. It is interesting to see how much of an impact trade has on the world. For example, Bernstein describes the effects of trade on social systems, disease, political power, and technology. In addition, his purpose is fully completed. Bernstein's goal in writing this book was to explain how commerce shaped the world. He does this very effectively, especially through his writing style. He writes about an instance in which trade affected the world, and then takes it a step further to explain how that effect can still be seen today.In the end, the book becomes more than a history of economy. It is a history of the world, simply relayed through an economic stance. The comparisons in it, such as free trade to mercantilism, are interesting and detailed, and add to the credibility of the author. All of the information in the book, not just the major things, is also very detailed. For example, the author does not only describe trading, he describes its impact and its products' impact. A key example of this is the section on Opium Wars, which shows this political and economic conflict through the lens of trade. The well-researched, historically accurate book is definitely a good review of world history. Aside from its limited point of view, it is a wonderful, eye-opening description of trade and its impact, which are still things that dominate the global economy.
One can always wish for a bit more. A slightly more fluid writing style perhaps. A better analysis of Chinese approaches to protectionism and trade. A better sense of the sheer volumes being discussed. All that said, this is a masterful introduction for the non-expert on international trade. Blending history, economics, and political science together is always a formula for sleep, but Mr. Bernstein's pacing is brisk and fun. He shows how the subject is very important and not difficult. If you really want to get a solid understanding of how the world is as it is, read this book.
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